14 Of the 3433 men aged 42, 48, 54, or 60 years who resided in the town of Kuopio or its surrounding rural communities, 198 were excluded because of death, serious disease, or migration away from area, and of the remaining men, 2682 (83%) agreed to participate in the study. 14 This study was designed to investigate risk factors for CVD, atherosclerosis, and related outcomes in a population-based, randomly selected sample of men in eastern Finland. Subjects were participants in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. O 2max, 13 and exercise test duration with mortality not only from CVDs but also from other causes, in a population-based sample of men from eastern Finland. The present study examines the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, as indicated by directly measured V. 12 Maximal oxygen uptake during exercise represents cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory function and muscle oxygen use under physiological stress conditions. O 2max is a gold standard for assessing the amount of oxygen consumption in maximal effort.
O 2max), as a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness, provides a quantifiable measurement of the level of physical exercise in addition to its genetic component.
Recommendations concerning the specific quantity and intensity of physical activity and the level of cardiorespiratory fitness needed to reduce premature mortality are based on a few prospective population-based studies. Indeed, low cardiorespiratory fitness has been found to be as strong a predictor of mortality as the conventional modifiable risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. This has been mainly due to reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD)–related mortality, 2, 4, 5 but also to some extent to reduced cancer-related mortality, 4 in fit individuals. Low cardiorespiratory fitness 2 - 9 has consistently been associated with an increased risk of premature death in prospective population-based studies. 1 Thus, it is considered to be one of the most crucial public health problems. PHYSICAL INACTIVITY, as measured objectively by low cardiorespiratory fitness, has been estimated to account for 12% of all deaths in the United States. Maximal oxygen uptake and exercise test duration represent the strongest predictors of mortality. Poor cardiorespiratory fitness was comparable with elevated systolic blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and diabetes in importance as a risk factor for mortality.Ĭonclusions Cardiorespiratory fitness had a strong, graded, inverse association with overall, CVD-related, and non–CVD-related mortality. Exercise test duration also had a strong inverse relation to overall, CVD-related, and non–CVD-related mortality. Furthermore, adjustment for serum lipid levels, blood pressure, plasma fibrinogen level, diabetes, and fasting serum insulin level did not weaken these associations significantly. The relative risk of non–CVD-related death in unfit men was almost the same magnitude as for overall death. Results The relative risk of overall death in unfit men (maximal oxygen uptake 37.1 mL/kg per minute) after adjusting for age, examination years, smoking, and alcohol consumption. During an average follow-up of 10.7 years, there were 124 overall, 42 CVD-related, and 82 non–CVD-related deaths. Methods A population-based cohort study of 1294 men with no CVD, pulmonary disease, or cancer at baseline in Kuopio and surrounding communities in eastern Finland. Objective To examine the relations of cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by maximal oxygen uptake and exercise test duration at the initiation of the study, with overall, cardiovascular disease (CVD)–related, and non–CVD-related mortality. Shared Decision Making and Communication.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine.Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.
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